Toefl Skill

Rabu, 18 April 2012 10.40 Diposting oleh reza mufti afandi
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1. Subject and Verbs
You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test are related to subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject, or the verb, or both; perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.
Example I
______was ringing continuously for hours.
(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells
Analysis:
In this example, you should notice immediately that there is a verb, was ringing, but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was ringing. Answer (A), loudly, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D), bells, could be a subject, it is not correct because bells is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was ringing.
Example II
Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.
(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly
Analysis:
In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject, newspapers, but that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are delivered, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.
Example III
The plane __________ landing at the airport in five minutes.
(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be
Analysis:
This sentence has a subject, plane, and has part of a verb, landing; to be correct, some form of the verb be is needed to make the verb complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject, plane, and does not need the extra subject it. Answer (C) is incorrect because descending is an extra part of a verb that is unnecessary because of landing. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with landing is a complete verb.

SUBJECTS AND VERBS

A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb. The first thing you should do as you read a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test is to find the subject and the verb.
EXERCISE 1
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect ( I ).
1. My best friend always helpful with problems. ( I )
 Analysis:
The subject of the sentence above is My best friend, but there is no Verb. So, incorrect.
The correct sentence should be My best friend is always helpful and with problems.
2. The bus schedule has changed since last week. (C)
Analysis:
The subject is The bus and verb is has changed, so the sentence is Correct.
3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor. ( I )
Analysis:
The sentence doesn’t have a Subject. The verb is dropped, so it is incorrect.
The correct sentence should be Accidentally she or he dropped the glass on the floor.
4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence doesn’t have to be, is. So incorrect
It should be The customer is paying the clerk for the clothes.
5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students. (C)
Analysis:
The sentence has subject, the professor and verb, handed. So it is correct
6. Each day practiced the piano for hours. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence doesn’t have subject. The verb is practiced. So incorrect.
It should be Each day they practiced the piano for hours.
7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop. (C)
Analysis:
The sentence has subject, The basket ball player and verb, tossed. So it is correct
8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly. (I)
Analysis:
The sentence has subject, The new student, but no verb. So incorrect.
The correct sentence can be The new student in the class is very talkative and friendly.
9. Walking with the children to school.(I)
    Analysis:
The sentence doesn’t have a Subject. It has main verb, walking but without tobe. So incorrect.
The correct sentence could be She/he is walking with the children to school
10. The whales headed south for the winter. (C)
 Analysis:
The sentence has a subject, the whales and verb, headed. So, it correct

2. Object of Preposition
An object of a preposition adalah noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti) yang terletak setelah preposition (kata depan), seperti in, at, of to, by, behind, dan on yang befungsi membentuk sebuah prepositional phrase.
Contoh:
The trip (to the island) (on Saturday) will last (for three hours).
Kalimat diatas berisi tiga buah object of preposition; Island sebagai object of preposition dari to; Saturday sebagai object of preposition dari on dan three hours sebagai object of preposition dari for.
Padsa Structure Section TOEFL Test, object of preposition bisa membingungkan karena banyak yang menduga bahwa object of preposition adalah subject dari kalimat tersebut.
Contoh:
To Mike ____ was a big surprise.
(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) when
Analisa:
  • Dari kalimat diatas, harus dipahami bahwa Mike (noun) bukalah Subject tapi object of preposition dari To.
  • Subject dari kalimat diatas tidak ada, sedangkan Verbnya adalah was.
  • Karena yang dibutuhkan adalah Subject, maka jawaban terbaik adalah (B), the party. Sedangkan (A), (C), dan (D) salah karena mereka bukanlah Subject.

Harus dingat bahwa: 
Preposition diikuti oleh noun atau pronoun yang kemudian disebut object of preposition.
Jika sebuah kata adalah object of preposition, maka kata tersebut bukanlah sebuah Subject.
Exercise 2:
1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack. (C)
Analisa:
  • The Crib bukanlah subjedct, tapi hanyalah Object of Preposition dari in.
  • Sedangkan Subjectnya adalah name dan Vernya adalah is.
2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the papers.( I)
Analisa:
  • the class bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari of.
  • Kalimat diatas tidak memiliki Subject, tapi memiliki verb yaitu need to turn.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya By the next meeting of the class they need to turn in the paper.
3. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear.
Analisa:
  • page 20 bukanlah subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari on.
  • Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject yaitu the directions, tapi tidak memiliki Verb.
  • Adapun kalimat yang benar adalah The directions to the exercise on page 20 are unclear.
4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night, the walkways are muddy.
Analisa:
  • Subjectnya adalah the walkways dan Verbnya adalah Are. Jadi kalimatnya sudah benar.
  • The heavy rain throughout the night hanyalah object of preposition dari because of.
5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.
Analisa::
  • the week bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari during.
  • Kalimat diatas tidak memiliki Subject, tapi memiliki Verb yaitu eat.
  • Kalimat yang benar mungkin During the week, they eat lunch in the school canteen.
6. In the morning after the concert was tired.
Analisa:
  • the concert bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari after.
  • Kalimat diatas tidak meiliki Subject, tapi sudah memiliki Ver yaitu was.
  • Kalimat yang benar adalah: In the morning after the concert he was tired.
7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.
Analisa:
  • the mountains bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari to.
  • Kalimat diatas sudah memiliki subject yaitu the trip dan Verb yaitu is.
8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.
Analysis:
  • Semuanya adalah object of preposition.
  • No Subject and No verbs.
9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
Analisa:
  • her hand bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari in.
  • Kalimat diatas tidak memiliki Subject tapi sudah memiliki Verb yaitu ran.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya: with her purse in her hand she ran through the door.
10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.
Analisa:
  • the bed bukanlah Subject, tapi hanya object of preposition dari beside.
  • Kalimat diatas sudah memiliki subject yaitu the alarm clock dan Verb yaitu rang.

3. Present Participles
Present Participle adalah Verb + ing.
     Contohnya:  studying, driving, cooking
Penggunaan Present participle pada Structure section TOEFL test seringkali membingungkan karena fungsingya yang bisa sebagai part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) atau adjective (kata sifat).
1. Sebagai bagian dari kata kerja (Part of a verb)
.   Present participle (verb+ing) akan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb jika digunakan bersamaan dengan tobe (am, is, are, was, and were).
Contoh:   
The train is arriving at the station now.
  The students are talking in the classroom.
Analisa:
  • arriving adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh is (to be).
  • talking adalah part of a verb karena ditemani oleh are (to be)
2. Sebagai adjective (Kata Sifat)
Present participle (Verb + Ing) berfungsi sebagai adjective apabila tidak ditemani oleh to be (am, is, are, was and were).
Contoh:
The train arriving at the station now is an hour late.
The students talking in the class look very happy.
 Analisa:
  • arriving is adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Sedangkan, Subject kalimat diatas adalah train dan verbnya adalah is.
  • talking adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh be. Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah students dan verbnya adalah look.

Lihat contoh dibawah ini.
The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) was
Analisa:
  • appearing bukanlah part of a verb tapi adjective.
  • Subject nya adalah film dan verbnya adalah is.
  • Jawaban (B), (C) atau (D) salah karena  kalimat diatas sudah memiliki verb.
  • Jawaban terbaik adalah (A) now.

EXERCISE 3:Look at the following sentences and Check if they are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The crying baby needs to be picked up. (C)
           ADJ.
     Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena crying berfungsi sebagai adjective.
  • Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah baby, sedangkan verb nya adalah needs to be picked up
2. The clothes are lying the floor should go into the washing machine. (I)
                          VERB
    Analisa:
  • kalimat diatas salah karena are lying seharusnya lying dan berfungsi sebagaiadjective bukan bagian dari kata kerja (part of a verb)..
  • Sedangkan kalimat yang benar adalah  The clothes lying the floor should go into the washing machine.
3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners. (I)
    Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas salah karena bringing seharusnya is bringing dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb bukan adjective.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah  The waitress is bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line. (C)
    Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas benar karena striking berfungsi sebagai adjective dan walkingsebagai part of a verb.
  • Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah workers.
5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll. (C)
    Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas sudah benar karena getting berfungsi sebagai part of a verb dan setelah ditambahkan is (tobe) menjadi complete verb.
  • Sedangkan Subject dari kalimat diatas adalah the child.
6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky. (I)
     Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas salah karena creating harusnya is creating dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The setting sun is creating a rainbow of colors in the sky
7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight. (I)
     Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas salah karena is sailing seharusnya sailing dan berfungsi sebagaiadjective bukan part of a verb.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The ship sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk. (C)    Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas benar karena needing berfungsi sebagai adjective
  • Subjectnya adalah  letters dan verbnya are.
9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago. (I)
    Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas salah karena ending seharusnya is ending dan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb bukan adjective.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharunya adalah The boring class just ending a few minutes a go.
10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.      Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas benar karena bringing berfungsi sebagai part of a verb.
  • Subjectnya adalah clouds.

4. Past Participles
Past participle adalah Verb III dari kata kerja.
Contoh: taught, studied, left, cooked
Penggunaan Past Participle pada Structure Questions seringkali membingungkan karena neniliki dua fungsi, yaitu part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) danadjective (kata sifat).
1. Sebagai part of a verb
Past participle akan berfungsi sebagai part of a verb (bagian dari kata kerja) apabila ditemani oleh have, has, had and be (am, is, are, was, were).
Contoh:
  • The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. (Left is part of a verb)
  • The classes were taught by Professor Smith. (Taught is part of a verb)
      Analisa:
  • Pada kalimat pertama, left adalah bagian dari kata kerja karena ditemani oleh has.
  • Pada kalimat kedua, taught adalah bagian kari kata kerja karena ditemani oleh be (were)
2. Sebagai adjective
 Past Participle berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective) apabila tidak ditemani dengan have, has, had atau be (am, is, are, dan were).
Contoh:
  • The letter left in the mailbox was for me. (Left is ADJECTIVE)
  • The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting. (Taught is ADJECTIVE)
Analisa:
  • left adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh has/have or to be. SedangkanSubject dari kalimat pertama adalah The letter dan Verb nya adalah was.
  • taught adalah adjective karena tidak ditemani oleh has/have atau to be. Sedangkan Subject dan verb dari kalimat kedua adalah The classes dan were.
Contoh dibawah ini menunjukan bagaimana past participle bisa membingungkan.
The bread _____ baked this morning smelled delicious.

(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just
Analisa:
  • baked bukanlan part of a verb, tapi adjective. Verb dari kalimat diatas adalahsmelled dan Subject nya adalah The bread.
  • Jawaban (A) dan (B) salah karena baked adjective dan tidak membutuhkan helping verb.
  • Jawaban (C) salah karena kalimat diatas sudah memiliki Subject.
  • Jawaban terbaik adalah just.
EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Circle the past participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious. (Incorrect)
    Analisa:
  • is served harusnya served saja karena berfungsi sebagai adjective.
  • Sedangkan Subject nya adalah The food dan Verb nya adalah IS.
  • Kalimat yang benar adalah The food served in this restaurant is delicious.
2. The plane landed on the deserted runway. (Correct)
    Analisa:
  • Subject is The place and Verb is landed
  • Deserted adalah  adjective
3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime. (Correct)    Analisa:
  • unexpected adalah adjective.
  • Subject nya adalah guests dan Verb nya arrived.
4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses. (Incorrect)
    Analisa:
  • are listed seharusnya hanya listed dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan part of a verb.
  • Subject nya adalah courses dan verbnya are required.
5. The teacher found the lost exam. (Correct)
    Analisa:
  • lost adalah adjective.
  • Subject nya adalah teacher sedangkan verbnya adalah found.
6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. (Incorrect)
    Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas tidak mempunyai verb of be, is.
  • Kalimat yang benar adalah The small apartment is very crowded and disorganized.
7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. (Correct)
    Analisa:
  •  developed berfungsi sebagai adjective.
  • Subject nya adalah photographs dan verb nya adalah showed.
8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels. (Correct)
    Analisa:
  • locked dan unworn berfungsi sebagai adjective.
  • Subject nya adalah drawer dan verbya adalah contained.
9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. (Incorrect)
    Analisa:
  • was blown seharusnya adalah blown saja dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukannya part of a verb.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper. (Correct)      Analisa:
  • registered berfungsi sebagai adjective.
  • Subject nya adalah students dan verbnya adalah are listed.

5. Coordinate Connector
Yang dimaksud dengan Coordinate Connector adalah AND, BUT, OR, or SO.
Banyak kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris yang terdiri dari dua klausa ( Klausa adalah kelompok kata yang paling sedikit terdiri dari satu Subject dan satu Verb (Predikat).
Ketika ada dua kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris, kita harus menggabungkannya dengan benar. Saalahs atu cara untuk menggabungkan dua buah kalusa adalah dengan menggunakan AND, BUT, OR, or SO.
Contoh:
  1. The sun was shining and the sky was blue.
  2. The sky was blue, but it was very cold.
  3. It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.
  4. It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.
Analisa:
  • Keempat kalimat diatas terdiri dari dua klausa dan semuanya di hubungkan dengan sebuah Coordinate Coonector dan sebuah Comma.
Contoh berikut ini akan menunjukan bagaimana Coordinate Connector di Tes di Structure Questions pada TOEFL Test.
Contoh:
I forgot my coat, ____ I got very cold.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) as a result
Analisa:
  • Kalimat diatas memiliki dua  buah klausa:  I forgot my coat dan I got very cold. Untuk menghubungkannya, kita harus menggunakan sebuah Coonector. KataThen (A), later (C), dan as a result (D) bukanlah Connector. Jadi jawaban terbaik adalah (B) karena so bisa menghubungkan kedua klausa tersebut dengan benar.
EXERCISE 5:
Exercise 5 dibawah ini fokus pada permasalahan Coordinate Connector.  Baca kalimatnya dan tentukan apakah jawabannya Correct (C) atau Incorrect (C).
1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown. (C)
    Analisa:
  • Kedua Klausa diatas sudah benar, begitu juga dengan Coordinate Connectornya.

2. The book was not long, it difficult to read. (I)
    Analisa:
  • Klausa kedua tidak memiliki verb (is) dan  Connector.
  • Kalimat yang benar adalah The book was not long, but it is difficult to read.

3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping. (I)
    Analisa:
  • Klausa/kalimat kedua tidak memiliki Subject. Tapi sudah memiliki connector, so.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah It was raining, so I decided not to go camping.

4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.(C)
    Analisa:
  • Kedua kalimat/klausa sudah benar begitu juga dengan connectornya

5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.(I)
    Analisa:
  • Kedua kalimat/klausa diatas sudah benar, tapi belum ada connectornya.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The patient took all the medicine, but he did not feel much better.

6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will be turned off. (C)
    Analisa:
  • Kedua kalimat/klausa diatas sudah benar, begitu juga dengan connector (so) nya.

7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold. (I)
    Analisa:
  • Kedua kalimat diatas sudah benar, begitu juga dengan connector (so) nya.
  • Tapi tidak ada koma sebelum so sehingga kalimat diatas salah. Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The furnace broke, so the lounge got quite cold.

8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent. (I)
    Analisa:
  • Kalimat.klausa kedua memiliki double subject, yaitu  the quality dan it. Salah satunya harus di hapus untuk membuat kalimat tersebut benar.
  • Connector (but) sudah benar.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The dress did not cost too much, but the quality seemed excellent

9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept raking them up, but the yard was still covered. (C)
    Analisa:
  • Ketiga klausa/kalimat diatas sudah benar, begitu juga dengan connectornya (and, but)

10. The mail carrier has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.
Analisa:
  • Ketiga klausa/kalimat diatas sudah benar, tapi connector so salah karena. Seharusnya adalah but.
  • Kalimat yang benar seharusnya The mail carrier has already delivered the mail, butthe letter is not going to arrive today.

Sumber :
http://www.toeflskill.com/2011/01/skill-1-subjects-and-verbs.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-2-object-of.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-3-present.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/08/structure-question-skill-4-past.html
http://www.belajartoefl.net/2011/09/structure-skill-coordinate-connector.html

11th If-Clause & Wish

Sabtu, 19 November 2011 09.04 Diposting oleh reza mufti afandi
, 0 komentar

I. If-Clause Type
a. Type zero
Used to express a general truth. Usually, Present Simple Tense are used to this type
  • If you drop an apple, it falls. Fact = An apple falls, if you drop it.
  • If you don’t do your homework, I will be disappointed. Fact = I will be disappointed, if you don’t do your homework.
In this type, word “if” can be replaced with “when”
b. Type I
Used to express a conditional that made from the fact that can be happened, either it fact in the present time, or the future. If-clause usually in Simple Present Tense form.
  • If I have time today, I will phone my friend. Fact = I will phone my friend, if I have time today.
  • If I go to England, I will buy some Cheddar cheese. Fact = I will buy some Cheddar cheese, if I go to England.
c. Type II
Used to express where the situation isn’t real, either in present time or in future. If-clause usually in Simple Past Tense form.
  • If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. Fact = I wouldn’t do that, if I were you.
  • If I had more time, I would do more on my websites. Fact = I would do more on my websites, if I had more time.
d. Type III
Used to express situation in the past time that can’t be happen again. If-clause usually in Past Perfect Tense form.
  • If I hadn’t helped you, you would have failed. Fact = You would have failed, if I hadn’t helped you.
  • If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. Fact = We could have gone out, if it had been.
II. WISH TYPE
a. Future Wish
S + wish + (that) +
S + could + verb1
S + would +verb1
S + were + verb-ing

Examples:
  1. I wish my friend would visit me this afternoon. (Saya berharap teman saya akan mengunjungi saya sore ini). Fact : my friend will not come this afternoon.
  2. They wish that you could come to the party tonight. (Mereka berharap bahwa kamu bisa datang sebentar malam). Fact : you can’t come.
  3. Bobby wishes he were coming with Angelia. (Bobby berharap dia datang dengan Angelia). Fact: Bobby is not coming with Angelia.

b. Present wish

S + wish + (that) + S + verb2
Examples:
  1. I wish I were rich. (Saya berharap saya kaya). Fact adalah: I am not rich.
  2. I wish I had enough time to finish my work. (Saya berharap saya punya cukup waktu untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya). Fact: I don’t have enough time to finish my work.
  3. John wishes that Ririn were old enough to be his girl friend. (John berharap bahwa Ririn cukup umur untuk menjadi pacarnya). Fact: Ririn is not old enough to be John’s girl friend.
  4. I wish I didn’t have to come to class today. (Saya berharap saya tidak harus pergi kuliah hari ini). Fact: I have to go to class today.
  5. I wish my TOEFL score were over 650 now. (Saya berharap nilai TOEFL saya sekarang lebih dari 650). Fact: my TOEFL score is not over 650 now.

c. Past wish

S + wish + (that) +
S + have + verb3
S + could + have + verb3
Examples:
  1. I wish I had washed my clothes yesterday. (Saya berharap saya telah cuci pakaian-pakaian saya kemarin). Fact: I didn’t wash my clothes yesterday.
  2. Irwan wishes that he had answered the questions well. (Irwan berharap bahwa dia telah menjawab soal-soal dengan baik). Fact: Irwan didn’t answer the questions well.
  3. Christian Ronaldo wishes that his team could have beaten the German team. (Christian Ronaldo berharap bahwa teamnya dapat mengalahkan team Jerman). Fact: Christian Ronaldo’s team couldn’t beat the German team.
  4. I wish you had been here last night. (Saya berharap kamu ada di sini tadi malam). Fact: you were not here last night.
source:

10th Conditional Sentence

09.02 Diposting oleh reza mufti afandi
, 0 komentar

In daily life, sometimes we wish something. For example, If you accept me as your boyfriend, I will love you forever. If I’m rich, I will make an orphanage. If I had wings, I will fly into the blue sky, etc. These sentences called conditional sentences, it means that the activities can be done if the condition are fulfilled. Or I can say, it is causality. There are some rules in using conditional sentences, if we put the “if” clause in the beginning of sentences, we will have to use “,” to the next clause. Otherwise, if we put the “if” clause in the end of sentences, we don’t have to use “,” to separate two clauses.





Type of Conditional Sentences



a). Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)



This type used to expressing the situation or activity that can be happened or fulfilled. In other word, what we wished for can be realized in actual life.



Examples :

1. If I have the time, I will go

2. If I become your boyfriend, I will make you happy forever

i). Future time
If + S + present tense, S + will + Verb1
can
may
must



Examples :

1. If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
2. If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
3. I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
4. You must bring an umbrella if you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung, jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan).



ii). Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)


If + S + verb1, S + verb1



Examples :

1. If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
2. I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
3. If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).



iii). Command (perintah)


If + S + verb1, S + verb1



Examples :

1. If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
2. Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
3. If you have time, please meet me in my office. (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).





b). Unreal atau Contrary to Fact Conditionals



Different with real conditional, this type is a contrary from the fact. It means, if the fact positive (affirmative), then the conditional sentences would be negative.



Examples :

1. If the teacher didn’t speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about
2. He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Fact : he can’t hug me, because, he is not here



i). Unreal conditionals if the facts in simple present tense



If + S + verb2,


S +


would
could
might


+ Verb1



Examples :

1. If the teacher didn’t speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about. (Jika guru itu tidak berbicara dengan cepat, saya dapat memahami dengan lebih baik apa yang dia sedang ajarkan). Fact : the teacher speaks quickly, so that, I can’t understand well what he is teaching about.
2. He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Fact : he can’t hug me, because, he is not here.
3. If I had a pair of wings, I would fly high. (Jika saya punya sepasang sayap, saya akan terbang tinggi). Fact : I don’t have a pair of wings, I can’t fly.



ii). Unreal conditionals if the facts in simple past tense





If + S + had + verb3,


S +
would
could
might 

+ have + verb3

Examples :

1. If Robby had not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan (jika Robby tidak pergi nonton film (di bioskop) tadi malam, dia tidak akan berjumpa dengan Susan). Fact: Robby went to a movie last night, then, he met Susan.
2. If the German football team had played well, it could have beaten the Spanish team (jika team sepak bola Jerman bermain bagus, team itu dapat mengalahkan team Spanyol). Fact: German foot ball team didn’t play well, it couldn’t beat the Spanish team.
3. You could have answered the questions well if you had studied well last night (kamu dapat menjawab soal-soal dengan baik, jika kamu belajar dengan baik tadi malam). Fact: you couldn’t answer the questions well, because, you didn’t study well last night.


source

http://fikarzone.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/tenth-assignment-conditional-sentences/

http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/conditional-sentences-part-1/

http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/conditional-sentences-part-2/

9th Negative And Question PV

09.00 Diposting oleh reza mufti afandi
, 0 komentar

PASSIVE VOICE IN NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
  1. I don’t like tea. (active voice)
Tea is not liked by me.(passive voice)
  1. She does not write the test.(active voice)
The test is not written by her. (passive voice)
  1. He did not attend the wedding.(active voice)
The wedding was not attended by him. (passive voice).
  1. She did not invite me. (active voice)
I was not invited by her.(passive voice)
  1. She doesn’t waters this plant every two days (active voice)
This plant isn’t watered by her every two days (passive voice)
  1. He doesn’t write this poem (active voice)
The poem isn’t wrote by him (passive voice)
  1. She doesn’t like muscular guy
Muscular guy isn’t liked by her
  1. Mr. John doesn’t read a novel
The novel isn’t read by Mr. John
  1. I’m not doing my homework
Homework isn’t done by me
  1. She isn’t have an ugly face
Ugly face isn’t had by her
PASSIVE IN QUESTION
  1. Did they catch the thief? (Active)
Was the thief caught? (Passive)
  1. Will The King inaugurate the new bridge? (Active)
Will the new bridge be inaugurated by The King? (Passive)
  1. Do they make cars in Korea? (Active)
Are cars made in Korea? (Passive)
  1. Do the hounds kill the fox? (Active)
Is the fox killed by the hounds? (Passive)
  1. Did the bull kill the matador? (Active)
Was the matador killed by the bull? (Passive)
  1. Have the police found the body? (Active)
Has the body been found by the police? (Passive)
  1. Why has the government banned the film? (Active)
Why has the film been banned by the government? (Passive)
  1. When did they hijack the plane? (Active)
When was the plane hijacked? (Passive)
  1. How did your host family treat you? (Active)
How were you treated by your host family? (Passive)
  1. What caused the accident? (Active)
What was the accident caused by? (Passive)
  1. Has anyone cleaned the oven yet? (Active)
Has the oven been cleaned yet? (Passive)
  1. Is a doctor going to examine you? (Active)
Are you going to be examined by a doctor? (Passive)
source

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